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Anarchist communism
Anarchist communism (also known as anarcho-communism, free communism, libertarian communism,〔According to anarchist historian Max Nettlau, the first use of the term "libertarian communism" was in November 1880, when a French anarchist congress employed it to more clearly identify its doctrines."〕〔"Anarchist communism is also known as anarcho-communism, communist anarchism, or, sometimes, libertarian communism."("Anarchist communism - an introduction" by Libcom.org )"〕〔The terms libertarian communism and anarchist communism thus became synonymous within the international anarchist movement as a result of the close connection they had in Spain (with libertarian communism becoming the prevalent term)."("Anarchist Communism & Libertarian Communism" by Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze. from "L'informatore di parte", No.4, October 1979, quarterly journal of the Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze )〕〔"The 'Manifesto of Libertarian Communism' was written in 1953 by Georges Fontenis for the Federation Communiste Libertaire of France. It is one of the key texts of the anarchist-communist current." ("Manifesto of Libertarian Communism" by Georges Fontenis )〕〔"In 1926 a group of exiled Russian anarchists in France, the Delo Truda (Workers' Cause) group, published this pamphlet. It arose not from some academic study but from their experiences in the 1917 Russian revolution." ("The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists" ) by Delo Truda〕 and communist anarchism〔("The Schism Between Individualist and Communist Anarchism" by Wendy McElroy )〕〔"Anarchist communism is also known as anarcho-communism, communist anarchism, or, sometimes, libertarian communism." ''Anarchist communism - an introduction'' by Jacques Roux〕) is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, capitalism, wages, and private property (while retaining respect for personal property),〔"The revolution abolishes private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and with it goes capitalistic business. Personal possession remains only in the things you use. Thus, your watch is your own, but the watch factory belongs to the people." Alexander Berkman. "What Is Communist Anarchism?" ()〕 and in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy, and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers' councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need".〔Fabbri, Luigi. "Anarchism and Communism." Northeastern Anarchist #4. 1922. 13 October 2002. ()〕〔Makhno, Mett, Arshinov, Valevski, Linski (Dielo Trouda). "The Organizational Platform of the Libertarian Communists". 1926. Constructive Section: available (here )〕
Some forms of anarchist communism such as insurrectionary anarchism are strongly influenced by egoism and radical individualism, believing anarcho-communism is the best social system for the realization of individual freedom.〔Christopher Gray, ''Leaving the Twentieth Century'', p. 88.〕〔("Towards the creative Nothing" by Renzo Novatore )〕〔Post-left anarcho-communist Bob Black after analysing insurrectionary anarcho-communist Luigi Galleani's view on anarcho-communism went as far as saying that "communism is the final fulfillment of individualism...The apparent contradiction between individualism and communism rests on a misunderstanding of both...Subjectivity is also objective: the individual really is subjective. It is nonsense to speak of “emphatically prioritizing the social over the individual,”...You may as well speak of prioritizing the chicken over the egg. Anarchy is a “method of individualization.” It aims to combine the greatest individual development with the greatest communal unity."(Bob Black. ''Nightmares of Reason''. )〕〔"Modern Communists are more individualistic than Stirner. To them, not merely religion, morality, family and State are spooks, but property also is no more than a spook, in whose name the individual is enslaved - and how enslaved!...Communism thus creates a basis for the liberty and Eigenheit of the individual. I am a Communist because I am an Individualist. Fully as heartily the Communists concur with Stirner when he puts the word take in place of demand - that leads to the dissolution of property, to expropriation. Individualism and Communism go hand in hand."(Max Baginski. "Stirner: The Ego and His Own" on ''Mother Earth''. Vol. 2. No. 3 MAY, 1907 )〕 Some anarcho-communists view anarcho-communism as a way of reconciling the opposition between the individual and society.〔"Communism is the one which guarantees the greatest amount of individual liberty — provided that the idea that begets the community be Liberty, Anarchy...Communism guarantees economic freedom better than any other form of association, because it can guarantee wellbeing, even luxury, in return for a few hours of work instead of a day's work." ("Communism and Anarchy" by Peter Kropotkin )〕〔This other society will be libertarian communism, in which social solidarity and free individuality find their full expression, and in which these two ideas develop in perfect harmony.(''Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists'' by Dielo Truda (Workers' Cause) )〕〔"I see the dichotomies made between individualism and communism, individual revolt and class struggle, the struggle against human exploitation and the exploitation of nature as false dichotomies and feel that those who accept them are impoverishing their own critique and struggle."("MY PERSPECTIVES" by Willful Disobedience Vol. 2, No. 12 )〕〔L. Susan Brown, 'The Politics of Individualism,' Black Rose Books (2002)〕〔L. Susan Brown, (Does Work Really Work? )〕
Anarcho-communism developed out of radical socialist currents after the French Revolution〔〔("Chapter 41: The “Anarchists”" in ''The Great French Revolution 1789-1793'' by Peter Kropotkin )〕 but was first formulated as such in the Italian section of the First International.〔Nunzio Pernicone, ''Italian Anarchism 1864–1892'', pp. 111-113, AK Press 2009.〕 The theoretical work of Peter Kropotkin took importance later as it expanded and developed pro-organizationalist and insurrectionary anti-organizationalist sections.〔
To date, the best-known examples of an anarchist communist society (i.e., established around the ideas as they exist today and achieving worldwide attention and knowledge in the historical canon), are the anarchist territories during the Spanish Revolution〔"This process of education and class organization, more than any single factor in Spain, produced the collectives. And to the degree that the CNT-FAI (for the two organizations became fatally coupled after July 1936) exercised the major influence in an area, the collectives proved to be generally more durable, communist and resistant to Stalinist counterrevolution than other republican-held areas of Spain." (Murray Bookchin. ''To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936'' )〕 and the Free Territory during the Russian Revolution. Through the efforts and influence of the Spanish Anarchists during the Spanish Revolution within the Spanish Civil War, starting in 1936 anarchist communism existed in most of Aragon, parts of the Levante and Andalusia, as well as in the stronghold of Anarchist Catalonia before being crushed by the combined forces of the regime that won the war, Hitler, Mussolini, Spanish Communist Party repression (backed by the USSR) as well as economic and armaments blockades from the capitalist countries and the Second Spanish Republic itself.〔(Murray Bookchin. ''To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936'' )〕 During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as Nestor Makhno worked to create and defend—through the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine—anarchist communism in the Free Territory of the Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921.
==History==
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